Circuit Board Parts: A Complete Guide

Circuit Board Parts Identification

various unlabeled isometric electronic components

Essentially, the electronic components on a circuit board control and modify input currents and output them to power separate devices for different purposes.

Accordingly, you can use your circuit board to create something as simple as a battery charger or use it as a base for something as complex as a computer’s motherboard.

Regardless, you’ll need to be able to identify the circuit board’s core components. Most components are generic.

Therefore, you can purchase them from any electronics store. To make it easier, we often label and color code these components according to their value or power.

However, you may find that you’ll need specialized components for your project.

Thus, most electronic components manufacturers can produce them according to your specifications.

different electronic components

Before deciding which electronic components to use for your project, you’ll need to draft or follow a circuit diagram or electronics schematic.

Fortunately, the Internet offers abundant resources that show you how to create and read one.

Once you’ve reached full literacy, we suggest you learn the basics of converting a schematic to a PCB layout.

Additionally, you can use various software tools, such as Scheme-It and EasyEDA, to create your own diagrams.

Nevertheless, you’ll need to know how these components look and function before learning to place and connect them in your design. So, this is what we’ll cover in this section.

1. Circuit Boards

The most important component of the circuit board is the circuit board itself. There are different types of circuit boards, and each has its assembly requirements.

Thus, selecting the right one for your project is important. Besides, it will determine how your final product will cost and weigh.

Nevertheless, the reference designator for a separable circuit board assembly is A.

Simple Image of a plain green printed circuit board

2. Resistors (Fixed Value)

Resistors are among the simplest and most used electronic components. We primarily employ two-terminal passive components to reduce current flow.

Furthermore, they come in various materials, values, and sizes. We measure the amount of electrical resistance of a resistor using Ohms.

Usually, you can identify the resistance value by the resistor’s color codes and labels. The reference designator for resistors is R.

Furthermore, the most common type of resistor is the fixed-value resistor. However, variable resistors are also available.

3. Variable Resistors

Variable resistors allow you to change their value or strength of resistance manually. Besides, they usually come with a dial or slide, which you can use to control the amount of resistance.

Nevertheless, the most common types of variable resistors include:

Potentiometers
Rheostats
Digital Resistors
Presets

The reference designator for a variable resistor can be RV, VR, or just R.

4. Capacitors

A capacitor temporarily stores electrical energy. Then, it disperses this charge when any part of the circuit requires it.

Much like resistors, they are two-terminal passive electronic components. You can easily identify them according to their drum shape.

Additionally, they come in various color codes – another attribute they share with resistors. We use capacitance to measure the value of the capacitor.

Finally, the reference designator for a capacitor is the letter C.

Image of three capacitors with different sizes and colors

5. Transistors

A transistor is a multi-terminal (often three-terminal) semiconductor that amplifies or reduces electrical signals and electric current. There are three main types of transistors:

Bipolar Junction Transistors (BJTs)
Field-effect transistors (FETs)
Insulated-Gate Bipolar Transistors (IGBTs)

Incidentally, the most common transistor is the bipolar junction transistor. People often confuse transistors with resistors.

While their functions overlap, they serve different purposes. Commonly, we use them as electronic switches.

Nevertheless, the reference designator is a T on the electronic schematic along with their symbol.

A collection of unmarked transistors

6. Inductors

Inductors have a similar function to capacitors. They are passive dual-terminal components that store electrical charge in a magnetic field.

People often refer to inductors as coils, chokes, or reactors primarily because of their appearance. Inductors typically comprise a wire wound into a coil.

Consequently, they are one of the most distinct PCB components and are generally easy to identify. Finally, L is the reference designator for an inductor on a circuit diagram.

An image depicting a group of coils with magnetic cores and copper winding

7. Diodes

Diodes are two-terminal passive devices that allow current to flow in only one direction. Expectedly, there are a variety of different diodes on the market. The most common being:

Light Emitting Diode

Each diode has its purpose and function. For instance, some diodes may act as an electromagnetic switch (PN junctions), while others may function as a light source (LEDs).

Accordingly, we identify different diodes using each diode has its purpose and function. For instance, some diodes may act as an electromagnetic switch (PN junctions), while others may function as a light source (LEDs).

Accordingly, we identify different diodes using different symbols and lettering. Specifically, D is the reference designator for a generic diode on a circuit diagram.

However, we sometimes use LED to denote light-emitting diodes on an electronic schematic.

8. Fuse

Fuses protect your electrical circuit from excess current (overcurrent), which may lead to overheating.

Typically, the fuse looks like a clear cylindric piece of glass(silicon) clad in metal on each side and a coil running through its interior.

However, the middle section of the fuse isn’t always transparent. In most cases, it’s white.

Nevertheless, you benefit from integrating a fuse if your circuit handles a large amount of current. The reference designator for a fuse is F.

9. Integrated Circuit

As the name implies, integrated circuits (often called chips) are miniature electronic circuits usually comprising a semiconductor material.

Integrated circuits commonly consist of hundreds of tiny transistors. Microprocessors are the most well-known integrated circuits. The reference designator for an Integrated circuit is U.

10. Electronic Oscillator

We use electronic oscillators to convert direct current (DC) into alternating current (AC).

The electronic oscillator produces periodic electronic signals as a sine, square, or triangle wave.

Nonetheless, crystal oscillators (crystals) are the most common electronic oscillators. They use vibrating quartz crystals to produce an electrical signal with a constant frequency.

The reference designator for oscillators is either XTAL or Y.

11. Ceramic resonators

Resonators work similarly to electronic oscillators. When used in an oscillator circuit, they produce a fluctuating signal with a specific frequency.

They consist of a piezoelectric ceramic material. The reference designator for a ceramic resonator is X.

12. Transformers

The next PCB component on our list is the transformer. A transformer is a passive static electronic component that transfers alternating electric current from one circuit to another at an identical frequency.

Consequently, it has no moving parts, so we call it a static component.

As such, most transformers consist of two electric circuits which link together through a single magnetic circuit.

This magnetic circuit lets the transformer transfer currents at the same frequency.

Nevertheless, transformers are available in THT or SMD packaging. The reference designator for a transformer is T.

The current transformer, by Hannes Grobe, licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0

13. The Relays

Relays are among the simplest yet one of the most significant components. They allow digital circuits and microcontrollers to switch high-powered devices on and off.

Accordingly, a basic relay consists of a coil that builds up a magnetic field when the current passes through it.

Thus, if we run a small amount of power on its magnetic coil, it magnetically pulls a switch into the closed position.

Consequently, electron current will flow from the other side of the electric circuit. The relay’s reference designator is K.

14. Switch

We use switches every day to control our electronic devices. Electric circuits require a closed loop for electricity to flow through them.

Inversely, if this loop has an obstruction or a break, it prevents the current from flowing. Nevertheless, a switch can be momentary or maintained. A maintained switch will maintain its state until it becomes a new one.

Conversely, a momentary switch will make or break a connection when a user actuates it (presses and holds it).

However, it will return to its default state when the user releases it. The reference designator for a switch is S.

Two micro switches, by Vahid alpha, licensed under CC BY 3.0

15. Connectors

Connectors allow you to connect your circuit board to external input and output devices. Alternatively, they allow you to interface your primary circuit board with others. Justifiably, people may refer to them as interconnects.

There are many different types of connectors available for your circuit board. Often, they can range from backplane connectors to jacks and JST connectors.

The Reference designator will depend on the type of connector. For instance, a jack will use J, while a socket connector will use X, and a plug connector will use P.

PCB mount connector, by Jstapko, licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0

Circuit Board Parts Placement

During the PCB assembly process, manufacturers can mount or place circuit board components in two ways – using through-hole technology or surface mount technology.

Additionally, components such as integrated circuits can come in a variety of packages which will dictate how we mount or place them.

Nevertheless, this section of the guide will discuss your circuit board mounting, placement, and component packaging options.

Image of a circuit board

Through-Hole Technology (THT)

During the early popularization of printed circuit boards, through-hole (colloquially “thru-hole”) technology was the electronic and PCB assembly technique.

We sometimes refer to through-hole technology as through-hole mounting (THM).

Nevertheless, in this assembly technique, a manufacturer or engineer drills holes into the circuit board and then inserts the component.

We call these holes “through-holes,” where the mounting technique gets its name. Accordingly, we use leads to connect the electronic component to the through-hole.

Once we’ve inserted the lead, we solder it to a set of pads on the other side of the board. Furthermore, we can do this manually (by hand) or using an automated mounting machine.

Surface-Mount Technology (SMT)

Surface-face mount technology is an assembly technique in which manufacturers produce electronic circuits that allow the on-surface mounting of electronic components on PCBs.

Consequently, we refer to electronic components that follow SMT as surface mount devices (SMD).

Surface-mount technology seems more popular today than THT because it is a cheaper and more reliable PCB assembly technique.

However, manufacturers often combine the two because some components are only available in through-hole packages while others are only available as SMDs.

Integrated Circuit Packaging Types

Picture of chip/integrated circuit on a printed integrated circuit board

Integrated Circuits come in a variety of packages. Accordingly, these packages offer protection and allow manufacturers to mount them during manufacturing.

Nevertheless, types of IC packaging and their most common subtypes include:

Through-hole packaging

Single in-line package (SIP)
Dual-in-line package (DIP)
Zig-zag in-line packaging (ZIP)

Surface mount packaging

Column-grid array (CGA)
Ceramic column-grid array (CCGA)
Ceramic package (CERPACK)
Lead-less lead-frame package (LLP)
Land grid array (LGA)
Low-temperature co-fired ceramic (LTCC)
Multi-chip module (MCM)
Micro surface-mount device extended technology (MICRO SMDXT)

Chip carrier packaging

Bump chip carrier (BCC)
Ceramic lead-leas chip carrier (CLCC)
Lead-less chip carrier (LCC)
Leaded chip carrier (LCC)
Leaded ceramic-chip carrier (LCC)
Ceramic dual lead-less chip carrier (DLCC)
Plastic leaded chip carrier (PLCC)

Pin grid array packaging

Organic pin-grid array (OPGA)
Flip-chip pin-grid array (FCPGA)
Pin array cartridge (PAC)
Pin-grid array (PGA)
Ceramic pin-grid array (CPGA)

Flat packaging

Ceramic flat-pack (CFP)
Ceramic quad flat-pack (CQFP)
Bumpered quad flat-pack (BQFP)
Dual flat-pack (DFN)
Exposed thin quad flat-package (ETQFP)

Small outline packaging

Small-outline package (SOP)
Ceramic small-outline package (CSOP)
Dual small-outline package (DSOP)
Thermally-enhanced small-outline package (HSOP)
Small-outline J-leaded package (SOJ)

Chip scale packaging

Beam lead technology (BL)
Chip-scale package (CSP)
True-chip size package (TCSP)
True die-size package (True die-size package)
Chip on board (COB)
Chip-on-flex (COF)
Tape-automated bonding (TAB)
Chip on glass (COG)

Ball grid array

Fine-pitch ball-grid array (FBGA)
Low-profile ball-grid array (LBGA)
Thin ball-grid array (TBGA)
Organic ball grid array (OBGA)
Plastic ball-grid array (PBGA)

The above includes only a sample of IC and electronic component packages. To learn more, please visit our guide on IC packaging.

How to Choose The Right Electronic Circuit Board Parts

Hardware engineering soldering parts

The first step is to plan your project carefully. Indeed, this entails understanding how you’ll use your board.

Nonetheless, a fully functioning PCB requires many components and parts to function effectively.

We previously discussed drafting a schematic diagram, which will allow you to determine the placement, spacing, values, and size of your components.

Next, you’ll need to decide what type of mounting you’ll use on the board, which will determine the package types for your components.

Additionally, the components will have to meet your soldering requirements and methods. If you’re soldering through automation or an oven, your components should be conducive to these methods.

As such, in addition to picking the right components, you’ll need to pick the right dielectric material for your circuit board. It should also be suitable for your mounting and soldering techniques.

Nonetheless, the requirements for manufacturers won’t be the same for individual hobbyists.

While a manufacturer will look for a supplier that mass produces components, individuals may decide to use a general electronics store.

Furthermore, manufacturers may require custom-made components.

Thus, selecting the right supplier is important in eventually sourcing the correct components for your PCB.

Finally, it would be best to consider the price of your components. This will entail understanding the electronics market and finding the right suppliers.

While you may find suppliers who can source you with electronic components that ultimately meet your specs, this does not mean their prices are reasonable.

You’ll need to exercise some discretion when selecting your PCB components.

Nevertheless, these are only a few tips.